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The Ultimate Guide to the 3-Layer System in New Zealand
As outdoor enthusiasts and guides, we understand that being properly prepared can make all the difference between a memorable adventure and a challenging ordeal. That's why we're here to highlight the importance of the three-layering system—a fundamental strategy for staying comfortable and safe in the unpredictable environments of the backcountry.
In this guide, we'll break down the three layers—base, mid, and outer—and explain their roles in providing insulation, breathability, and weather protection. Whether you're embarking on a multi-day trek through rugged terrain or enjoying a day of skiing in the mountains, mastering the art of layering is key to staying comfortable and prepared for whatever is thrown your way.
Base Layer
When gearing up for outdoor adventures, selecting the right base-layer is paramount for comfort and performance. When it comes to base-layers, two main categories dominate the market: natural fibres and synthetic fibers. Natural fibers, such as merino wool and silk, offer exceptional breathability and moisture-wicking properties. Merino wool, in particular, is prized for its ability to regulate body temperature, keeping you warm in cold conditions and cool when it's hot. Additionally, natural fibers are often antimicrobial, meaning they resist odours, making them ideal for multi-day excursions. On the other hand, synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon excel in moisture management and durability. These materials are quick-drying and provide excellent moisture-wicking capabilities, making them perfect for high-intensity activities where sweat is inevitable. Synthetic base-layers also tend to be more affordable and retain their shape and performance even after multiple washes.
Mid Layer
The right mid-layer can make all the difference in staying warm and comfortable during your adventures. When it comes to mid-layers, two popular choices are down and synthetic fillings. Down insulation, typically sourced from duck or goose feathers, is renowned for its unparalleled warmth-to-weight ratio. It traps body heat effectively, providing exceptional warmth without adding bulk. Down mid-layers are incredibly compressible, making them easy to pack and ideal for cold, dry conditions. However, it's essential to note that down loses its insulating properties when wet, so it may not be the best choice for wet or humid environments. Synthetic fillings, on the other hand, offer reliable insulation even when damp. Made from polyester fibres, synthetic mid-layers are quick-drying and retain their warmth even in wet conditions. They're also more budget-friendly than down alternatives and are often preferred by those who prioritize animal-free products. While synthetic insulation may not match the warmth-to-weight ratio of down, it's an excellent choice for versatile performance across various weather conditions. When deciding between down and synthetic filling for your mid-layer, consider the climate, terrain, and intended activities of your outdoor adventure.
Outer Layer
This is the outermost layer that you anticipate using for the majority of the day. When choosing a garment for this it you need to take into account required weather proofness versus level of activity (how much heat you are going to generate) and durability versus weight. There will always be a compromise. Busting through the bush or on the rough Darrans rock you might want to sacrifice some weight for durability, otherwise you might soon end up with a lot of patches.
Waterproofness is not as important unless you are planning to be spending lots of time in the rain or snow, though waterproofness is also synonymous with being windproof. That being said - waterproof also can mean less breathable so many people like to have the option of pit zips to dump heat when needed without taking off their outer layer to protect from wind and abrasion. The key is staying comfortable and being able to adjust your temperature without stopping too often take on and off layers, especially under layers.
When choosing garments, materials are obviously important and well documented. Fit and function are as important. Technical clothing manufacturers specify the fit of each garment (slim regular and expedition fit) taking into account layering principles. Avoid bulk in high movement areas (like arms) and choose materials that move well next to each other to maximise your freedom of movement. For example fleece tends to ‘stick’ to other fleece layers but fine weaved nylons slide well over fleeces. Too many hoods can get congested around the neck and head. Under helmet hoods are best reserved for mid layers and over helmet hoods work best "outer" and "over layers". Generally thumb loops and elasticated cuffs work well for "base layers" and "outer Layers". Good insulation around the wrist, where the blood vessels are close to the surface, will help keep you hands warm but too many tight cuffs will be uncomfortable. Wide velcro adjustable cuffs are good for "overs layers" and work well with bigger outer gloves.
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